State of the Sector: Training

    With electronic learning tools like computers and the Internet, along with more outsourcing and more judicious use of pricey corporate retreats, the amount of training and development nationwide appears to be rising without a corresponding increase in spending or classroom time. In fact, spending on training and development has been flat for the past few years, according to statistics from the American Society for Training and Development.

    "We are saving money in so many areas that, so far, overall budgets are not increasing," says Brenda Sugrue, ASTD’s senior director of research. In its annual State of the Industry report on workplace training and development, the organization found that average spending per worker on training and development actually decreased by a few dollars, from $826 in 2002 to a projected $812 in 2004.

    The organization’s survey sample covers corporate, nonprofit and government organizations. At the same time, learning hours received per employee rose from 27.9 in 2002 to a projected 29.8 in 2004.

    A large part of the cost reduction has come from the shift to e-learning. In 1999, 80 percent of all training took place in the classroom. The projection for 2004 is that classroom time dropped to about 63 percent, while e-learning, the fastest-growing alternative, climbed to more than 29 percent.

    "Coming together in a classroom is not dead," says ASTD vice president of content Pat Galaghan. "But virtual classrooms are the coming thing."

    Training and development is a broad field ranging from executive MBA classes to diversity compliance training to job safety instruction. It can take place in a community college classroom, a corporate meeting room or at an employee’s computer workstation.

    But wherever it happens and whatever the content, the common theme is that organizations want training to meet very specific and defined goals--to produce a measurable return on investment.

    Quantifying training returns in dollars and cents is vexing, but can save considerable amounts. Though startup expenses to create and install e-learning programs are high, the payback usually comes quickly and can be dramatic.

    Several consultants and researchers report cost savings of about 50 percent through e-learning. Caterpillar Inc. of Peoria, Illinois, reports even greater savings.

    Paul Walliker, Caterpillar’s online training manager, says the company’s spending for online training programs is about one-third as much as traditional classroom methods because of savings on classroom instructors, course materials and travel to classes for employees.

    For a course aimed at a total of 100 employees, Walliker says e-learning is 40 percent less expensive than an instructor-led course ($9,500 versus $17,062). The savings rise as students are added. For a course with more than 40,000, the savings jumps to 78 percent ($1.1 million versus $5 million).

    Caterpillar has a system of regular, ongoing training for its 70,000 workers around the globe.

    "I cannot imagine trying to do any of this the old way," Walliker says.

    One of the biggest changes in recent years is a sharper focus on defining problems and matching solutions to needs. That requires training and development professionals to analyze systems and craft custom solutions rather than simply offering standardized classroom training.

    "In the good old days, people in our business were mostly about the podium, either getting onto the podium or hiring the right person to get to the podium," says Allison Rossett, professor of educational technology at San Diego State University. "Now it is much beyond that. Now there is a strong belief that an effective training professional has a certain amount of skepticism. They look at ‘What is the challenge? What are the causes?’ Then they generate solutions where training might be just a piece of the story."

    Rossett, an author and training and development consultant, published a book on the new orientation, Beyond the Podium: Delivering Training and Performance to a Digital World.

    In this new environment, success is not always measured by how many workers can be processed through a seminar but rather how well a particular problem or issue is addressed.

    Roger Kaufman, an author, consultant and professor of educational psychology and learning systems at Florida State University, says that sometimes it makes sense for organizations to forgo a training program entirely. Studies have shown that 80 percent to 90 percent of traditional workplace training programs have little or no effect on overall job performance, he says.

    Poorly designed and executed classes can anesthetize workers; they either quickly forget or ignore lessons. "I have seen organizations that have spent megabucks on training and things don’t get any better," Kaufman says. "How can we be sure all the training we do matters at all?"

    The answer, Kaufman says, is to understand why an organization requires training in the first place. As an example, Kaufman says he was hired by a multinational corporation to train its South American workers in the company’s core values. He began by asking: What are those core values?

    It turned out to be standard information such as valuing customers and maintaining high standards. He probed deeper. He asked if those values were different from the rest of the industry. The answer: not in the least. So the answer to the question ‘Did the company believe that it had hired legions of workers in South America who were oblivious to basic principles that were universal in the industry?’ was no.

    Kaufman’s recommendation was that the company not waste its money on values training. But if there are specific skills your workers lack, focus on that, and also reward performance, he told the company.

    "We had a very short consultancy," Kaufman says. "They were very thankful. They hadn’t looked at the difference between the means and the end."

    Elliott Masie, who heads the Masie Center Inc., a think tank in Saratoga Springs, New York, that focuses on learning research, says the changes under way in training and development make traditional classroom courses less and less important.

    "The delivery unit for learning has historically been the course," Masie says. "It has a beginning, an expert and maybe a test at the end. That is deconstructing pretty rapidly."

    In its place are systems that offer bits and pieces of knowledge on demand. Instead of sitting in a classroom for several days to learn how to do a job, a worker now might have a quick orientation that includes a discussion of how and where to get information. That worker then gets to the job and, as questions arise, goes out and finds answers--perhaps through an online database, a network of experts or, if it’s needed, a training class.

    But even formal classes have changed. Masie, who also works as a training consultant, says that formal classes he offered five or six years ago typically lasted five days. Now, classes tend to last one day.

    "Go into most places of business and ask, ‘How did you learn to do your job?’ " Masie says. "Most people don’t learn from courses. They learn from a manager or a peer or by watching somebody do something. A lot of learning already doesn’t happen in formal courses. So let’s get on the side of the angels."

    The other trend Masie sees is what he calls extreme training--programs that are especially intense and compressed. Often these programs take the form of simulations in which managers are asked to solve difficult problems. Then they are graded and counseled on their performance. Much of the work constructing and delivering alternative training systems has fallen to outside consultants. Masie and others in the field note that outsourcing is on the rise as companies and organizations looking for both innovation and cost savings turn to outside vendors.

    One sizable field of learning that uses a combination of old and new methods is compliance training--knowledge or skills required of workers, often by law or regulation. Compliance ranges from diversity training to workplace safety to financial disclosure rules. Standardized content works well as a delivery method, and so does e-learning. And most subjects are available from a variety of vendors, saving companies the cost of creating their own programs.

    But even in the controlled world of compliance training, clients insist on results. Charismatic motivational trainers are still in demand, but even they have to match their popular routines with proven results: improved sales, better customer service, fewer mistakes, more dynamic leaders.

    "Great trainers used to be defined by great delivery," Rossett says. "They were magnificent in the classroom. Nowadays, they have to be magnificent in the results."