ith more than 80 percent of electronic documents never printed and 60 billion
plus e-mail messages sent every day, e-discovery has been an important issue for
some time.
However, the new amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure relating
to electronically stored information (ESI)—which went into effect December 1, 2006—raise
the bar for what will be expected of e-discovery in terms of employers’ monitoring
and policies. Employers will ultimately feel the brunt of these sweeping changes,
with dramatic changes to the way discovery will be conducted in federal court, where
most discrimination suits are filed.
And, because the typical individual plaintiff in an employment lawsuit has very
little ESI to preserve, search and disclose during discovery, employers face an
additional burden in obtaining information under new regulations.
The key is to prepare for compliance, including setting up systems, protocols
and policies. Employers will ultimately have the best position in preserving, searching
and producing relevant ESI in the most efficient manner when hit with a suit.
Waiting for a lawsuit is not an option. Due to the costs of searching and producing
ESI, employers will be forced to settle numerous lawsuits because the expense associated
with discovery alone will make the case too steep to defend. And good plaintiffs’
lawyers know this as they prepare to use the ESI sword against employers. Companies
should be formulating their strategy now.
Discovering new amendments and responsibilities
Before the new amendments, ESI was treated as a subset of documents under the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure. But the revised rules create a new category of discovery.
One of the major changes clarifies that ESI will almost always need to be produced
in its electronic form. It is no longer good enough to print out hundreds of e-mails
and produce them to the other side (unless your adversary agrees or the judge lets
you do it). This alone is a major change and challenge.
Also, it is now trial counsel’s responsibility to know his or her client’s IT
system and the location of responsive data. Trial counsel can no longer tell the
judge, "I am not a tech guy, Your Honor, so I don’t really understand this."
Similarly, counsel cannot rely blindly on what is told to him/her by the client
regarding its ESI and related systems. Instead, attorneys must speak directly with
the client’s IT department to find relevant ESI sources and understand the backup
system and retention policies. Firsthand knowledge is vital.
Further, counsel will no longer use the "head in the sand" approach to e-discovery—"I
am not going to go after your e-discovery if you don’t go after mine." This is especially
true in employment cases where good plaintiffs’ lawyers are going to learn how to
use e-discovery as a sword.
Since it is much easier for employee-plaintiffs to comply with the new rules,
there’s a much greater obligation for employers. This imbalance poses the utmost
threat and biggest challenge to employers who are defending against discrimination
lawsuits.
Preserving obligations and litigation holds
Create solid document retention policies
In order to comply, employers should adopt comprehensive document retention policies
and establish litigation protocols for preserving, searching and producing ESI.
These policies should address five key issues: creation of documents; storage; use;
retention and destruction; and purging.
Employers would be wise to resist the urge to use general forms in adopting these
policies. A good and effective policy must be tailored to the employer’s specific
business needs, and be in writing and simple to adopt and follow. The worst thing
would be failure to comply. This alone will likely prevent the employer from arguing
that any destruction of potentially relevant ESI was inadvertent or should not be
sanctioned.
An effective document retention policy must also include:
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Reasonable retention periods complying with the myriad of laws that contain specific
record-retention requirements.
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Records in all formats: paper, photographic and electronic.
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Separate retention requirements for official copies and duplicate records, drafts,
working papers and notes.
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Coverage of all the employer’s electronic devices and hardware, with specific instructions
for obtaining documents and the actions to be taken when certain events occur.
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Monitoring and auditing of employees to ensure compliance.
With a policy in place, employers have a safety net in dealing with new preservation
and production obligations. Specifically, if documents or ESI are purged in the
normal course of business operations before the duty to preserve arises, then it
is unlikely that a court will find that the purging was improper or illegal. A document
retention policy is critical in showing that the document was destroyed as part
of normal business operations—and not because the individual knew that litigation
was on the horizon.
Ensure litigation holds are in place
All good document retention policies also provide for litigation holds. When an
employer is notified of potential litigation, this is really the best and only way
to swiftly stop routine destruction of information, and identify and preserve all
potentially relevant ESI.
Holds must be in writing, issued to employers, broad in scope and applied to
all key players. To ensure consistency, develop and maintain related forms in advance,
even though they should be tailored to specific circumstances.
When opting for litigation holds, employees should specifically:
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Suspend routine document destruction, in addition to saving/stopping recycling
of backup tapes possibly containing relevant ESI.
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Notify archival facilities to halt destruction and preserve ESI.
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Identify all ESI sources and key custodians, and notify them by a written litigation
hold memo.
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Meet with each custodian to pinpoint all sources of potentially relevant information,
such as hard-copy documents and ESI. An employer should also consider asking each
key player to sign acknowledgments certifying they have turned over all potentially
relevant documents.
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Get certifications from IT personnel to establish chain of custody.
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Monitor compliance and issue reminder memos.
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Watch out for new and departing employees. Employers should consider taking bitmap
images of relevant electronic devices of key and departing employees. This is in
addition to creating consistent protocols for hires, transfers and terminations
after litigation holds have been issued to certain employees and departments.
These are the minimum steps an employer should use in issuing a litigation hold.
Courts expect employers to issue them at the right time and to monitor compliance.
Train, don’t over e-mail, and adopt better records management
In addition, training in-house litigation response teams and developing protocols
for preserving, searching and producing documents and ESI during litigation and
in response to subpoenas will help ensure consistent compliance with document retention
policies and litigation holds.
However, complicating this situation is that employers create too many documents.
Because each e-mail is a separate document, employees must be trained in the proper
use of e-mails. If we do not get e-mail overflow under control, many employers will
not be able to afford defending lawsuits involving the production of ESI.
Given this volume of information, employers might also consider establishing
a records management department. Even for small employers, it could be the most
effective way to control costs associated with document retention while making certain
that the employer complies will all applicable retention laws and obligations.
Also helpful is investing in sophisticated software to help standardize collection
search protocols. Employers can conduct comprehensive searches on all their data
and select which areas need to be harvested.
The landscape is changing for employment litigation, with the new rules titling
the scales in the favor of plaintiffs who are in the best position to use the e-discovery
as a sword. It’s better to prepare now rather than pay for it later.
Workforce Management Online, April 2007 -- Register Now!
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